IMC 2020 Day 1 – Some Hints for Problems 1-2
Problem 1. Let be a positive integer. Compute the number of words (finite sequences of letters) that satisfy all the following requirements: (1) consists of letters, all of them from the alphabet (2) contains an even number of letters (3) contains an even number of letters (For example, for there are such words: and .)
(proposed by Armend Sh. Shabani, University of Prishtina)
Hint: In order to get a formula for the total number of words it is enough to note that the even number of a’s can be distributed in ways among the possible positions, and the even number of b’s can be distributed in ways among the remaining positions. Once the a’s and b’s are there, the rest can be filled with c’s and d’s in ways. This gives
Next, use some tricks regarding expansions of to compress the sum above to .
Problem 2. Let and be real matrices such that
where is the identity matrix. Prove that
(proposed by Rustam Turdibaev, V.I. Romanovskiy Institute of Mathematics)
Hint: Every time you hear about a rank 1 matrix you should think of “column matrix times line matrix”. Indeed, writing with column vectors, gives . Moreover, taking trace in the above equality and using the fact that you can perform circular permutations in products in traces, you obtain that .
Moreover, squaring gives
Taking trace above gives the desired result!
IMC 2016 – Day 1 – Problem 2
Problem 2. Let and be positive integers. A sequence of matrices is preferred by Ivan the Confessor if for , but for with . Show that if in al preferred sequences and give an example of a preferred sequence with for each .
SEEMOUS 2016 – Problems
Problem 1. Let be a continuous and decreasing real valued function defined on . Prove that
When do we have equality?
Problem 2. a) Prove that for every matrix there exists a matrix such that .
b) Prove that there exists a matrix such that for all .
Problem 3. Let be idempotent matrices () in . Prove that
where and is the set of matrices with real entries.
Problem 4. Let be an integer and set
Prove that
a)
b) .
Some hints follow.
Vojtech Jarnik Competition 2015 – Problems Category 2
Problem 1. Let and be two matrices with real entries. Prove that
provided all the inverses appearing on the left-hand side of the equality exist.
Problem 2. Determine all pairs of positive integers satisfying the equation
Problem 3. Determine the set of real values for which the following series converges, and find its sum:
Problem 4. Find all continuously differentiable functions , such that for every the following relation holds:
where
Existence of Sylow subgroups
Let be a finite group such that where is a prime number, and . Then there exists a subgroup such that . (such a subgroup is called a Sylow subgroup).
Agregation 2014 – Mathematiques Generales – Parts 4-6
This is the second part of the Mathematiques Generales French Agregation written exam 2014. For the complete notation list and the first three parts look at this post.
Part 4 – Reduced form of permutations
For we denote the set of pairs such that . We call the set of inversions of a permutation the set
and we denote the cardinal of .
1. For which permutations is the number maximum?
For we denote the transposition which changes and .
4.2 (a) Let . Prove that
and that is obtained from by adding or removing an element of .
(b) Find explicitly in function of the element of which makes it differ from .
Let . We call word a finite sequence of elements of . We say that is the length of and that the elements are the letters of . The case of a void word is authorized.
A writing of a permutation is a word such that . We make the convention that the permutation which corresponds to the void word is the identity.
Agregation 2014 – Mathematiques Generales – Parts 1-3
This post contains the first three parts of the the Mathematiques Generales part French Agregation contest 2014.
Introduction and notations
For we denote . For an integer we denote the group of permutations of .
We say that a square matrix is inferior (superior) unitriangular if it is inferior (superior) triangular and all its diagonal elements are equal to .
For two integers and we denote the family of -element subsets of .
Let be two positive integers and a matrix with elements in a field . (all fields are assumed commutative in the sequel) A minor of is the determinant of a square matrix extracted from . We can define for and the minor
where (respectively ) are the elements of (respectively ) arranged in increasing order. We denote this minor .
Sierpinski’s Theorem for Additive Functions
We say that is an additive function if
1. Prove that there exist additive functions which are discontinuous with or without the Darboux Property.
2. Prove that for every additive function there exist two functions which are additive, have the Darboux Property, and .
The second part is similar to Sierpinski’s Theorem which states that every real function can be written as the sum of two real functions with Darboux property.
(A function has the Darboux property if for every , is an interval.)